Got kidney stones? There's an app for that--and for just about every other clinical and administrative function. As mobile applications reshape health care, hospitals will be pressed to keep up.
"The No. 1 thing that patients can do to reduce their risk of kidney stones is to drink more fluid. But people don't drink as much as they think they do, so how do you keep track?" asks William Johnston III, M.D., a urologist practicing at NorthShore University HealthSystem in Chicago's northern suburbs.
Johnston's answer is a mobile app he developed for the iPhone. Since going live on the Apple Store in June 2010, the free program has been downloaded more than 2,500 times.
Every time a patient drinks a soda or coffee or a glass of water, he opens the app, taps a picture of the beverage and enters the amount. The application automatically tracks the quantity and displays it as a percentage of the daily target--typically set at 75 ounces. It also charts fluid intake over the last week and month. It even can e-mail the information right to a physician.
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"Patients are mobile, so this makes it easier to keep accurate records and get them to the physician," Johnston says. Currently, clinic staff must transfer data manually from the app to NorthShore's sophisticated electronic medical record, but Johnston is working on systems that will enable mobile apps to populate patient health records directly.
But does the app really help patients drink more--or reduce kidney stones? "Our observation in clinic is it definitely does," Johnston says. "When they start using it, most patients find they are not anywhere dose to the goal. If you look at it in the afternoon and you are at 25 percent, it makes you want to drink some water. I use it myself." He is planning a clinical trial to measure the impact of the app on patient behavior and outcomes.
He's also developing an app to help patients with enlarged prostates monitor urine flow. Other apps will provide prostate surgery patients with day-by-day perioperative and discharge instructions---complete with checklists, warning signs, and automated medication and follow-up appointment reminders.
"If the patient is at the mall and they see blood in their urine after prostate surgery, the information they need is right in their pocket. If they need help, they can call or message right away. It really opens up a new frontier for patient care, patient safety and access to doctors," Johnston says.
17,000 Apps--and Counting
As of November, there were more than 17,000 medical applications available for download from major app stores for the Apple iPhone and iPad, and for smart phones and mobile computers using the Android, Microsoft Mobile, Blackberry, Palm and Symbian operating systems, says Ralf-Gordon Jahns, head of research at research2guidance.com, a Munich, Germany-based IT consultancy specializing in mobile technologies.
And that's just the consumer end of the market, which is dominated by mobile phone operators and specialized health care firms. Countless mobile apps exist or are being developed by traditional health care providers, device manufacturers, pharmaceutical manufacturers and researchers around the world. They range from dedicated devices linked to glucometers and blood pressure cuffs that have been around for more than a decade to new applications that take advantage of the accelommeter and GPS capabilities of the latest smart phones to detect and automatically report patient falls and even elopements of patients with dementia. Bluetooth-enabled scales and other detectors that will automate home monitoring of a wide range of clinical conditions also are hitting the market.
Applications for monitoring patients and accessing electronic records inside the hospital using smart phones and tablets also are proliferating. Indeed, many major electronic medical-record suppliers now are developing interfaces that can run as native applications on mobile devices. "Our Haiku application for physicians and nurses allows users to look up any patient in the system and review the chart, notes, labs, X-ray results, medications. Everything that is in the chart can be viewed on the iPhone," says Sam Butler, M.D., a pulmonary and critical care specialist who is now a clinical informatics team member for Epic. The iPhone app also supports clinical scheduling and dictation, and e-prescribing is in the works. An iPad version also is being developed. Epic, as well as other EMR suppliers, also makes personal health records available to patients over the Internet.
But more significant than the sheer volume of apps is the growing public acceptance of the technology and the increasing ability to integrate capabilities, which heretofore largely have been siloed in phones or dedicated devices, into the mainstream workflow of providers, Jahns says. He points out that many remote applications have been around for years, but haven't gotten past the trial stage because of provider concerns about privacy and a lack of a standardized way to engage patients. But with the broad acceptance of smart phone apps, he believes the tipping point is at hand.
"In the next three to five years, we see the likelihood that doctors and patients both will realize they have smart phones, and there will be discussions like 'I see an app for my condition. Is there a chance to include it in my treatment plan so I don't have to come in all the time?'" Jahns says. Insurance arrangements that reward use of efficiency-creating technology, either directly or through arrangements such as global payment for episodes of care, will cement the deal. He projects that by 2015, 500 million of an estimated 1.4 billion smart phone users worldwide will use an mHealth app--and millions of U.S. baby boomers will be at the forefront.
Jahns also believes that health care providers, as well as pharmaceutical manufacturers, will supplant mobile phone companies as the primary distributors of mHealth apps, with diabetes management leading the way. Until now, charges per download and data transmission charges have paid for mHealth apps, but increasingly the funding will come from providers who can leverage the technology to improve efficiency, and pharmaceutical companies that can use it as a promotional and advertising vehicle, he believes.
"Patient demand is driving it," Jahns says.
The iPad Effect
And so will physician demand, says William Phillips, vice president and chief information officer of University Health System in San Antonio, a 500-bed county-owned facility that conducts more than 550,000 outpatient visits annually. The main reason is the iPad. Nineteen million of them were sold in a mere nine months after they were introduced. That caught the e-media punditry off guard, and their popularity among physicians startled hospitals and EMR developers.
"We anticipated that mobile apps were coming, but we weren't quite prepared for the iPad," Phillips says. '"They [physicians] are buying their own and asking, 'Can you connect this with the hospital network?' The portability, intuitive interface and 10-hour-plus battery life made it an instant hit with clinicians. The quality of radiology images is actually better on the iPad than on some of the hardwired clinical workstations."
Doctors like the device because it allows them to keep tabs on more patients without being physically present--a big plus in these days of shrinking reimbursement For example, anesthesiologists at Emory University developed an iPad app that allows them to monitor patients before and after surgery, increasing their efficiency as well as improving patient safety.
Responding to physician demand, University Health System developed a Citrix interface, which is a commercial program that not only allows remote access to PCs and other computers, but also allows physicians to use their iPads to use the system's Allscripts EMR. Traffic over the hospital's Wi-Fi network has increased by about one-third since the Citrix app went online, Phillips says.
Like many emerging eHealth apps, integration with commercially available mobile devices appeared decisive. Allscripts is developing a native iPad interface, and Phillips expects it to be available by year's end.
But the advantages to even the Citrix interface, which may be slower than a native application and restrict access to some EMR functions, are so compelling that he already has begun implementing it in some nursing units. "We wanted to wait for the native app, but we couldn't."
Phillips notes that the cost of the iPad is about one-third of a similarly capable laptop. Essentially, it is set up as a dumb terminal accessing the main EMR database. All data processing takes place on the secure computer system, which communicates wirelessly with mobile devices using appropriate encryption and other data safety features. The battery life and convenience of recharging the device is a huge advance over the typical computer on wheels, or COW, which requires not only a laptop computer, but also an expensive cart and mobile battery to ensure it can make it through an 8- to 12-hour nursing shift. "The cost of a COW is up to six times [that of] an iPad," Phillips says
Of course, it's also a lot easier for nurses to tuck an iPad or similar device under their arm than to push an unwieldy COW from room to room, all the time worrying about when it will need to be recharged--in a location that does not violate Joint Commission standards for keeping hallways clear. That's no small advantage for nurses who often are being asked to care for more and more patients. Moreoever, iPads eliminate the fight for COWs that can take place at the beginning of shifts.
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While the durability of iPad battery life is an open question, so far it is even longer than the 10 hours advertised, Phillips says. In its new inpatient facility, University HealthSystem is incorporating not only iPad docking stations in patient rooms, but also a much more robust mobile wireless network, including antennae in stairwells and lobbies, to support an anticipated geometric increase in clinical mobile use within the hospital.
Moving Target
But while the expansion of mobile health apps seems inevitable, the precise technology that will be needed is an open question. For example, the latest Wi-Fi protocol--802.11n--allows communication over 5 GHz transmitters as well as the earlier 2.4 GHz bands, and may interfere with 2.4 GHz 802.11a-g transmissions from existing devices. The upcoming 802.11ac standard may jam existing 2.4 GHz signals altogether. This could require hospitals to install new antennae to keep up with changing standards, as well as higher-capacity wireless routers to keep up with growing bandwidth demands.
"Ten years ago, who knew that 802.11n at 5.2 GHz would be in place today?" says Scott W. Johnson, vice president of communications planning for engineering firm SSR Inc. in Nashville. "If you installed 2.4 GHz antennae, you may be ripping it out today. The industry has not been very good at future-proofing technology."
Cellular substations inside the hospital also may need to be installed to accommodate physicians who want access over the GSM network used by AT&T as well as Verizon's UDMA, both of which now support the iPhone, the most popular smart phone in the United States. And potential interference with existing hospital telemetry equipment, RF devices as well as medical devices such as pacemakers, must be addressed.
More profound is the impact mobile devices will have on provider workflow--and even the balance of inpatient versus outpatient facilities health systems require. "Transformation care for us means extraordinary care for every patient, compassionate service, coordinated care and exceptional clinical outcomes," says Curt Kwak, CIO for western Washington State for Providence Health & Services in Washington and Montana.
"We believe adoption of mobility technologies will enable us to get there, but mobile technologies are not the only factor in becoming a transformation force." To help determine the strategic role of mobile apps and infrastructure--and the level of investment required to support them--the system regularly addresses the issue in information systems staff meetings and with clinicians. The system has developed a plan for working with mobile application developers to support its transition to incorporating them into its delivery system, Kwak says.
And while the migration to standard commercial devices opens up the market by making mobile apps available to both physicians and patients, it also presents substantial security risks, Phillips notes. Maintaining control over how smart phones and tablets connect to the health system network will be critical, as will constant upgrades to ensure data security.
Given the level of infrastructure investment that may be required--and the uncertainty of future needs--SSR's Johnson recommends that hospital leaders assess where they and their competitors are in the market, and decide how much they need to spend to remain competitive.
In building or renovating facilities, he also advocates a flexible design strategy. It may be wise to invest in wiring or conduits that can support greater bandwidth, and to position mobile antennae stations in places where they can be reached easily for upgrades without disrupting patient care.
"You never know what technology to anticipate," Johnson says. "The iPad was in development before the iPhone, but they elected to go with the iPhone first. Now that the iPad is here, all the developers are in a reactive mode. The need for CIOs to put connectivity and security in place to accommodate the iPad is one thing we didn't see coming. It's a challenge, but it's the way technology advances."--Howard Larkin is a contributing editor to H&HN
I've Got An App For That!
Any doubt that mobile health apps are it was quashed at last month's South by Southwest Festival in Austin, Texas. The edgy, trendsetting cultural arts jamboree hosted an interactive session on mHealth. And if that weren't enough to sway skeptics, the Food & Drug Administration is rumored to be developing regulatory guidance on mobile health pps, which could be out later this year Nothing says you've made it quite like a raucous music festival or a government regulation. Tens of thousands of mHealth apps already populate smart phones and tablet PCs Here's a sampling--MATTHEW WEINSTOCK
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THE 5-MINUTE CLINICAL CONSULT: The app is based on the 19th edition of the book and can be hosted lay a number of platfoms. According to the marketing material, "The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2011 gives you evidence-based guidance on the diagnosis and management of over 900 medical conditions seen in everyday practice."
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ASTHMAPULSE: An iPhone and iPad app that lets asthmatics create charts plotting their conditions, including use of their rescue medicine and regular medicine "This helps you and your health care provider(s) get a much better sense of what's going on with your reeds when your asthma gets 'out of control.'"
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BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS GUIDE: Patients can get a better understanding of their diagnosis. The app walks patients through their pathology report and other tests it offers information to help patients work with physicians in developing a treatment plan
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GLUCOSE TRACKER: From BlackBerry App World, this app lets patients measure their glucose level and "can help you and your doctor control diabetes and its many complications." The app lets patients log glucose readings daily and create trendlines
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ICD-9 AND ICD-10 HELPER: Available at the iTunes store, the app "enables medical professionals and 'pro patients' to look up any ICD-9 and ICD 10 code via flee text search, drill into the details of the code, and convert codes between ICD-9 and ICD-10."
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MYHUMANA MOBILE: The large insurer last March won an award at the Online Media, Marketing and Advertising Global Conference and Expo for the best mobile app. At MyHumana, patients can locate in-network providers. The app will also fax member information to the selected provider and search for nearby pharmacies.
